There are two approaches for simulating Memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human Memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

The aim of the present study was the histological evaluation of Enamel Matrix derivative (EMD) effectiveness for regeneration of periodontal defects. EMD activates cementum synthesis, PDL and bone during the maturation stage of follicole. In this research, EMD was used in surgical defects of premolar teeth in four adult sheep. Muccoperiosteal flap was reflected in buccal site of teeth. The buccal bone plate was removed from mesial to distal in 4 mm depth. After eliminating the cementum by bur and its etching, EMD was applied on exposed dentine and flap was sutured. In opposite sites of those teeth (control sites) the same process was performed without etching. After 100 days, sheep were sacrificed and histological study through light microscopic was performed on black sections of operation sites. The results showed that in test sites, regeneration of cementum and bone was 62/5% and 42/5-50% respectively. But in control sites regeneration of cementum and bone was 37.5% and 32/5-42/5% respectively. Also the migration of junctional epithelium in control sites was 8-10% more than test sites. The important point is that in test sites, cementum was completely attached to undermining dentine. But, in control sites, the gap between cementum and dentine was visible. As a result, this study suggests that EMD promotes periodontal regeneration, and EMD application is a successful achievement in regenerative periodontal therapy.

The present research discusses a generalized thermoelastic model with variable thermal material properties and derivatives based on Memory. Based on this new model, an infinitely long homogeneous, isotropic elastic body with a cylindrical hole is analyzed for thermal behavior analysis. The governing equations are deduced by the application of the principle of Memory-dependent derivatives and the generalized law on heat conduction. In a numerical form, the governing differential equations are solved utilizing the Laplace transform technique. Numerical calculations are shown in graphs to explain the effects of the thermal variable material properties and Memory dependent derivatives. In addition, the response of the cylindrical hole is studied through the effects of many parameters such as time delay, the kernel function and boundary conditions. The results obtained with those from previous literature are finally verified.

Background: Learning and Memory are among the higher functions of the brain. State-dependent Memory (STM) is a type of Memory in which the recall of a learned behavior is happend only in the same sensory and physiologic condition in which the behavior is encoded. The STM is seen with some drugs, e.g. the morphine. The pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a durg which is used for the induction of seizure in experimental models. Some studies have been revealed different effects of the PTZ on brain higher function (learning, Memory …). The aim of present study was to explore the effect of PTZ on morphine-induced STM.Materials and Methods: In this study, male adult Wistar rats (190-220 g) were used. Animals in 3 groups (n=8) during 3 sessions (learning/Memory, STM and interaction) were studied. During 48 hour (training and test) the learning and Memory of animals were studied in inhibitory avoidance apparatus. The step-through latency in the test day was used as a criterion for Memory. Post-training injection of saline or morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg-ip) in different groups was carried out. In addition, the pre-test injection of morphine at the same doses was made to study the STM. Moreover, the interaction of pre-test single-dose PTZ (60 mg/kg -ip) on STM was studied.The locomotion of the animals was measured using the open field.Results: The post-training injection of morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg-ip) impaired the inhibitory Memory of rats compared to control group (p<0.001). The post-training and pre-test injections of the same dose of morphine (7.5 mg/kg-ip) reversed the impaired Memory compared to morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg-ip), (p<0.001). The pre-test PTZ (60 mg/kg-ip) maintained the morphine (7.5 mg/kg-ip) STM (p<0.001).Conclusion: The present study revealed that the post-training ip injection of different doses of morphine results in the impairment of inhibitory avoidance Memory in rat. In addition, the pre-test injection of the same doses of morphine reverses the impaired Memory. This process is called STM. Consequently, the pre-test injection of PTZ maintains the morphine STM.

An internal heat source is assumed to act on a cylindrical body with radiation-like boundary conditions to explore the Memory-dependent thermoelastic response of a solid object. The top and bottom surfaces of the solid cylinder are subjected to additional heating conditions. To obtain the thermal behaviour of the considered medium, the integral transform method is used, while the inversion solution of the heat transfer equation, the thermoelastic displacement and stress functions are presented in the Laplace domain due to the complexity of the calculation. To understand the numerical calculations, the material properties of aluminium metal are taken into account, and all the obtained results are presented graphically.